{"id":2812,"date":"2025-12-30T18:54:36","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T15:24:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/?page_id=2812"},"modified":"2026-02-10T11:35:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-10T08:05:56","slug":"rotary-kiln-cement-engineering-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/rotary-kiln-cement-engineering-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 + \u0686\u06a9\u200c\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u067e\u0646\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<article>\n<section id=\"hook\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a: <strong>\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0634 coating \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u200c\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f8\u06f5\u066a \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0639\u062f<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0645:<\/strong> \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc NOx \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0648 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0645:<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc <strong>\u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0632<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062d\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u0686\u06a9\u200c\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f5\u066a \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06f2 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc --><\/p>\n<section id=\"what-is-rotary-kiln\">\n<h2>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 (rotary kiln cement) \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u06f4\u06f0 \u062a\u0627 \u06f8\u06f0 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0634 \u0622\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 (\u06f1 \u062a\u0627 \u06f5 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647) \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0628 \u06f3 \u062a\u0627 \u06f4 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c <strong>\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u060c shell \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f: <strong>\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645<\/strong> (\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C)\u060c <strong>\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646<\/strong> (\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C) \u0648 <strong>\u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering<\/strong> (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C). \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/contact-us\/\">\u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0634\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0634\u06cc\u0628 \u06f1 \u062a\u0627 \u06f4 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b underburning \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 overburning \u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627 free lime \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f1.\u06f5\u066a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f rotary kiln cement \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u067e\u0646\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f: <strong>Shell \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/strong> (\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644<\/strong> (\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a)\u060c <strong>\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 shell \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a)\u060c <strong>\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631<\/strong> (\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a) \u0648 <strong>\u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646<\/strong> (\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646). \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f7\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f3\u06f0\u066a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/products\/\">\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06af \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"kiln-types\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: wet process (\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627)\u060c semi-dry \u0648 <strong>dry process \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646<\/strong> (\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627). \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0631\u0698\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 refractory lining cement kiln \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc wet\u060c semi-dry \u0648 dry \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0631\u0698\u06cc \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 wet \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u06f5.\u06f5-\u06f6.\u06f5 GJ\/ton \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u06f4\u06f0\u066a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 dry (\u06f3-\u06f3.\u06f5 GJ\/ton) \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc wet \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u06f1\u06f5\u06f0-\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc dry \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u06f5\u06f0-\u06f8\u06f0 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0627 \u06f5\u06f0\u066a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06a9\u0644\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f9\u06f0\u066a\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 CO2 \u062a\u0627 \u06f3\u06f0\u066a\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u06f9\u06f5\u066a \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"design-parameters\">\n<h2>\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc: <strong>\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 NOx\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0627\u0632<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc. \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc preheating\u060c calcination \u0648 sintering \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0632\u0648\u0646 preheating: \u06f8\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C (\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u06f4\u06f5-\u06f5\u06f5\u066a)\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0646 calcination: \u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C (\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u06f6\u06f0-\u06f7\u06f0\u066a)\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering: \u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C (magnesia-spinel \u06cc\u0627 magnesia-chrome). \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhimagnesita.com\/datasheets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">RHI Magnesita<\/a>\u060c \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc magnesia-spinel \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06f3.\u06f0-\u06f3.\u06f1 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 NOx \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 200 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>Swirl number \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06f0.\u06f6-\u06f1.\u06f2\u060c staging \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06f1\u06f5-\u06f2\u06f0\u066a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u06f6-\u06f8 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c NOx \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u06f1.\u06f0\u06f5-\u06f1.\u06f1\u06f0 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/cement-kiln\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ScienceDirect<\/a> \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c NOx \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f4\u06f0\u066a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc CFD \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u06f2\u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u06f3\u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 boundary condition \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06af\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c CFD \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/furnace-design\/\">\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2810 \" src=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining.png\" alt=\"\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc\" width=\"686\" height=\"686\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining.png 1024w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"refractory-lining\">\n<h2>\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 refractory lining cement kiln \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a shell<\/strong> \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C\u060c <strong>\u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc coating<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f5\u066a. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06f1\u06f2 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u06f3\u06f6 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering\u060c \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc magnesia-spinel \u0628\u0627 Al2O3 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06f7\u06f0-\u06f9\u06f0\u066a \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06f2.\u06f8-\u06f3.\u06f2 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f7\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627 porosity \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f1\u06f8\u066a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"8\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0632\u0648\u0646<\/th>\n<th>\u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th>\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/th>\n<th>Al2O3 (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Preheating<\/td>\n<td>\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u06f4\u06f5-\u06f5\u06f5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Calcination<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u06f6\u06f0-\u06f7\u06f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sintering<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>Magnesia-spinel<\/td>\n<td>\u06f7\u06f0-\u06f9\u06f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0\u066a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06f3-\u06f5\u066a \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0622\u062c\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 microcrack \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0\u066a \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u062e\u0634\u062f. \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 ASTM C492 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f0 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f2\u06f0\u00b0C \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f5\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 tpd\u060c \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627-\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f5\u066a \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u063a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u06f2.\u06f9 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f5\u066a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06f5\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 tpd\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc ASTM \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc: <strong>ASTM C113<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc (CTE)\u060c <strong>ASTM C1225<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u060c <strong>ASTM C1548<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0648 <strong>ASTM C492<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0645\u0634\u06cc. \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"reconstruction\">\n<h2>\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a: <strong>\u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642<\/strong> (\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641)\u060c <strong>\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/strong> (\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647)\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647<\/strong> (\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 dry-out \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d). \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f5\u06f0\u066a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647: <strong>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u063a \u0631\u0648\u06cc shell<\/strong> (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f3\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C)\u060c <strong>\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f1\u06f5\u06f0 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a<\/strong> \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f0\u066a. \u062a\u0623\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u06af\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0628\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u06f1) \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u06f2) \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u06cc shell \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u06f3) \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f refractory lining cement kiln \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06f4) \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a expansion joint\u060c \u06f5) dry-out \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06f2\u06f4-\u06f4\u06f8 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>Ramp-up \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06f2\u06f5-\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc shell\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06f7\u06f2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u06f4\u06f0\u066a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/contact-us\/\">\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2811 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization.png\" alt=\"\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization.png 1024w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"efficiency\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f9\u06f0\u066a \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0698\u06cc: <strong>\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f0.\u06f3 W\/mK\u060c <strong>castable \u0628\u0627 porosity \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f1\u06f8\u066a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631<\/strong>. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06f8\u06f5\u066a \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f9\u06f2\u066a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 castable \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc ~\u06f2.\u06f9 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0648 castable \u0628\u0627 porosity \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f1\u06f8\u066a\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f4\u06f0\u066a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 Vesuvius Technical Manual 2025\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc shell \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06f3\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f2\u06f5\u06f0\u00b0C \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0698\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u06f5-\u06f1\u06f0\u066a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 excess air \u0628\u0647 \u06f3-\u06f5\u066a (\u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f5\u066a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f7\u06f5\u066a\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc preheater \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f3\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06f5-\u06f1\u06f0\u066a \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"cfd-modeling\">\n<h2>\u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc CFD \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>CFD \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 NOx \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 boundary condition \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc CFD \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering \u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc: \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc (\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f3\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C)\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0627\u0632 (\u06f1\u06f5-\u06f2\u06f5 m\/s)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06af\u0627\u0632 (CO2\u060c O2\u060c N2\u060c H2O)\u060c \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c CFD \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 CFD \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 NOx \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Zeldovich \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc thermal NOx)\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634 (P1 \u06cc\u0627 DO)\u060c \u0648 turbulence \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (k-\u03b5 \u06cc\u0627 RSM). \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c CFD \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0642\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"wra-standards\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc WRA \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>World Refractories Association (WRA) \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 CO2 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 MOR \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f0 MPa \u062f\u0631 \u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f0\u00b0C \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0631\u0627 MOR \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f0 MPa \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f0 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>MOR \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0648\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc start\/stop \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 MOR \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f1\u06f0 MPa \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 coating \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>WRA \u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 CO\u2082 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f0.\u06f2\u06f5 W\/mK\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06f9\u06f2\u066a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"common-mistakes\">\n<h2>\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0633\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647 expansion joint. \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 CTE \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 shell. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u06f7\u06f0\u066a \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 NOx \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f5\u066a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 NOx \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f3\u06f0\u06f0 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06f3 \u2013 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0644 --><\/p>\n<section id=\"technical-data\">\n<h2>\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642)<\/h2>\n<h3>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062a RHI Magnesita<\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0632\u0648\u0646<\/th>\n<th>\u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632 (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th>\u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th>\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/th>\n<th>Bulk Density (g\/cm\u00b3)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Preheating<\/td>\n<td>\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>\u06f6\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>High Alumina<\/td>\n<td>\u06f2.\u06f4-\u06f2.\u06f6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Calcination<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f9\u06f5\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>Alumina-Spinel<\/td>\n<td>\u06f2.\u06f6-\u06f2.\u06f8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Transition<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>\u06f9\u06f5\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>Magnesia-Spinel<\/td>\n<td>\u06f2.\u06f9-\u06f3.\u06f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sintering<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f1\u06f4\u06f5\u06f0<\/td>\n<td>Magnesia-Chrome<\/td>\n<td>\u06f3.\u06f0-\u06f3.\u06f2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhimagnesita.com\/datasheets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">RHI Magnesita Datasheets<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc magnesia-spinel \u0637\u0628\u0642 ASTM C1225<\/h3>\n<p>\u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc magnesia-spinel \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f0 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0-\u06f2\u06f0\u00b0C \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a MOR \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f0\u066a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/cement-kiln-refractory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc ScienceDirect<\/a> \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc\u060c porosity \u0648 CTE \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc Vesuvius \u0648 ASTM C113<\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bulk Density<\/td>\n<td>\u06f2.\u06f8-\u06f3.\u06f2 g\/cm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td>Vesuvius 2025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Apparent Porosity<\/td>\n<td>&lt;\u06f1\u06f8\u066a<\/td>\n<td>Vesuvius 2025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CTE (20-1000\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>\u06f1.\u06f2-\u06f1.\u06f5\u00d7\u06f1\u06f0\u207b\u2076\/\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/c0113-14r19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM C113<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a WRA \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 CO\u2082 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06af\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 Refractories World Forum 2025\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u06f9\u06f2\u066a\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f5\u066a \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06f0.\u06f2\u06f5 W\/mK \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/c0113-14r19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM C113<\/a> &#8211; Standard Test Method for CTE<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/cement-kiln-refractory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ScienceDirect &#8211; Cement Kiln Refractories Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhimagnesita.com\/datasheets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">RHI Magnesita Datasheets<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Vesuvius Technical Manual 2025<\/li>\n<li>Refractories World Forum 2025 (WRA Guideline)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- CTA \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc --><\/p>\n<section id=\"final-cta\">\n<h2>\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/contact-us\/\">\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/furnace-design\/\">\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06af \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/products\/\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n<p>&#8220;`html<br \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"Article\",\n  \"@id\": \"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/rotary-kiln-cement\/#article\",\n  \"headline\": \"\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n  \"alternativeHeadline\": \"\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u067e\u0646\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 90% \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f\",\n  \"description\": \"\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 NOx\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 92% \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc ASTM \u0648 WRA\",\n  \"image\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-refractory-lining.png\",\n      \"width\": 686,\n      \"height\": 686,\n      \"caption\": \"\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rotary-kiln-burner-optimization.png\",\n      \"width\": 1024,\n      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\"\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n    \"refractory lining cement kiln\",\n    \"\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n    \"\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\",\n    \"magnesia-spinel brick\",\n    \"\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n    \"\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 NOx \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n    \"\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\",\n    \"CFD \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\",\n    \"coating \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n    \"ASTM C113\",\n    \"WRA standards\"\n  ],\n  \"articleSection\": \"\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\",\n  \"wordCount\": 3450,\n  \"inLanguage\": \"fa-IR\",\n  \"hasPart\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/trref.com\/refractory-bricks\/rotary-kiln-cement\/#faq\",\n      \"mainEntity\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 (rotary kiln cement) \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0644 40 \u062a\u0627 80 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0634 \u0622\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 (1 \u062a\u0627 5 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647) \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0628 3 \u062a\u0627 4 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc 1450 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u060c shell \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f: \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645 (800-1000\u00b0C)\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 (1000-1200\u00b0C) \u0648 \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering (1350-1450\u00b0C).\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: wet process (\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627)\u060c semi-dry \u0648 dry process \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646 (\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627). \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 wet \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 5.5-6.5 GJ\/ton \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u060c 40% \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 dry (3-3.5 GJ\/ton) \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc wet \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 150-200 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc dry \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627 50-80 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0645\u200c\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 90%\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 CO2 \u062a\u0627 30% \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc preheating\u060c calcination \u0648 sintering \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u0632\u0648\u0646 preheating: 800-1000\u00b0C (\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 45-55%)\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0646 calcination: 1000-1200\u00b0C (\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627 60-70%)\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering: 1350-1450\u00b0C (\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 magnesia-spinel \u06cc\u0627 magnesia-chrome). \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc RHI Magnesita\u060c \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc magnesia-spinel \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc 3.0-3.1 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 NOx \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 200 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Swirl number \u0628\u06cc\u0646 0.6-1.2\u060c staging \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627 15-20% \u0647\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647 6-8 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c NOx \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 200 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a 1.05-1.10 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a ScienceDirect \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c NOx \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 40% \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 refractory lining cement kiln \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a shell \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc 1450\u00b0C\u060c \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc coating \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 5%. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 12 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0648 36 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering\u060c \u0622\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc magnesia-spinel \u0628\u0627 Al2O3 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 70-90% \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc 2.8-3.2 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0627 1700\u00b0C \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u0686\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u063a \u0631\u0648\u06cc shell (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 350\u00b0C)\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 150 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 10%. \u062a\u0623\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u06cc shell\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f refractory lining \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a expansion joint \u0648 dry-out \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc 24-48 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 90% \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0698\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 0.3 W\/mK\u060c castable \u0628\u0627 porosity \u0632\u06cc\u0631 18%\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 85% \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 92% \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 excess air \u0628\u0647 3-5%\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 75%\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc preheater \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 300\u00b0C\u060c 5-10% \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u061f\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 CTE \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 shell. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 70% \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 15%\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 NOx \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 300 mg\/Nm\u00b3 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Table\",\n      \"name\": \"\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631\",\n      \"about\": \"\u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062a RHI Magnesita\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Table\",\n      \"name\": \"\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\",\n      \"about\": \"\u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc\u060c porosity \u0648 CTE \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc Vesuvius \u0648 ASTM C113\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"HowTo\",\n      \"name\": \"\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u06af\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0628\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n      \"step\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"HowToStep\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"\u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\",\n          \"text\": \"\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"HowToStep\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u06cc shell\",\n          \"text\": \"\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 shell \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"HowToStep\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631\",\n          \"text\": \"\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc refractory lining cement kiln \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"HowToStep\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\",\n          \"text\": \"\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a expansion joint \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06cc\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"HowToStep\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"name\": \"Dry-out \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\",\n          \"text\": \"\u062e\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc 24-48 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\"\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mentions\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Product\",\n      \"name\": \"\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 Magnesia-Spinel\",\n      \"description\": \"\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0627\u0644\u06cc 3.0-3.2 g\/cm\u00b3 \u0648 Al2O3: 70-90% \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 sintering\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Product\",\n      \"name\": \"\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 High Alumina\",\n      \"description\": \"\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627 Al2O3: 60-70% \u0648 porosity \u0632\u06cc\u0631 18% \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u0646 calcination\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Product\",\n      \"name\": \"\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\",\n      \"description\": \"\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 0.3 W\/mK \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n      \"name\": \"\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\",\n      \"description\": \"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n      \"name\": \"\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\",\n      \"description\": \"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"DefinedTerm\",\n      \"name\": \"ASTM C113\",\n      \"description\": \"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc (CTE) \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/c0113-14r19.html\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"DefinedTerm\",\n      \"name\": \"ASTM C1225\",\n      \"description\": \"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0632\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"DefinedTerm\",\n      \"name\": \"WRA Standards\",\n      \"description\": \"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc World Refractories Association \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 CO2 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.worldrefractories.org\/\"\n    }\n  ],\n  \"citation\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ScholarlyArticle\",\n      \"name\": \"ASTM C113 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Expansion\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/c0113-14r19.html\",\n      \"author\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"ASTM International\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ScholarlyArticle\",\n      \"name\": \"Cement Kiln Refractories - Comprehensive Review\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/cement-kiln-refractory\",\n      \"author\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"ScienceDirect\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Dataset\",\n      \"name\": \"RHI Magnesita Refractory Datasheets\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.rhimagnesita.com\/datasheets\",\n      \"author\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"RHI Magnesita\"\n      },\n      \"description\": \"\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc 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